de Kantor I N, Ritacco V
Pan American Institute for Food Protection and Zoonoses, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Vet Microbiol. 1994 May;40(1-2):5-14. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90042-6.
Out of the approximately 300 million head which constitute the bovine population in Latin America and the Caribbean, 80 million are found in countries where rates of Mycobacterium bovis infection are very low or nil. The remaining 220 million are found in countries with either a moderate to high prevalence or where no recent information is available. Argentina and Brazil, both have huge cattle populations with estimated prevalences higher than 1%, and together may harbour 3.5 million infected cattle. Information on the impact of M. bovis on human health in the Region is scarce and does not include data on infection of children. In Argentina, human tuberculosis of bovine origin was found to be mainly an occupational disease, transmitted by aerosol. Control or eradication has been achieved in several countries in the Region by use of the tuberculin test followed by sacrifice of reactors. In countries such as Cuba, where the prevalence is already very low, area tuberculin testing is being replaced by slaughter surveillance and epidemiological trace-back. Other countries, where the prevalence is high (e.g. Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Argentina), promote regional campaigns based on the decision and active participation of cattle farmers. Recent diagnostic developments based on the in vitro measurement of humoral and cellular immune responses could be an aid in control and eradication campaigns, provided their usefulness is demonstrated in field trials. In heavily infected areas complementary or alternative strategies should also be proposed, aiming at lowering the prevalence rates prior to the application of the test and slaughter method.
在构成拉丁美洲和加勒比地区牛群总数约3亿头牛中，8000万头分布在牛分枝杆菌感染率极低或为零的国家。其余2.2亿头分布在患病率中等至高的国家，或者没有近期信息的国家。阿根廷和巴西的牛群数量都很多，估计患病率高于1%，两国可能共有350万头感染牛。关于牛分枝杆菌对该地区人类健康影响的信息很少，且不包括儿童感染数据。在阿根廷，牛源性人类结核病主要是一种通过气溶胶传播的职业病。该地区一些国家通过使用结核菌素试验，随后扑杀反应动物，实现了控制或根除。在古巴等患病率已经很低的国家，地区结核菌素检测正被屠宰监测和流行病学追溯所取代。其他患病率高的国家（如智利、巴拉圭、秘鲁和阿根廷），在养牛户的决定和积极参与基础上开展区域运动。基于体液和细胞免疫反应体外测量的最新诊断进展，若能在现场试验中证明其有效性，可为控制和根除运动提供帮助。在感染严重的地区，还应提出补充或替代策略，旨在在应用检测和屠宰方法之前降低患病率。
