Hino O, Testa J R, Buetow K H, Taguchi T, Zhou J Y, Bremer M, Bruzel A, Yeung R, Levan G, Levan K K
Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 15;90(2):730-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.2.730.
Universal mapping probes (UMPs) are defined as short segments of human DNA that are useful for physical and genetic mapping in a wide variety of mammals. The most useful UMPs contain a conserved DNA sequence immediately adjoined to a highly polymorphic CA repeat. The conserved region determines physical gene location, whereas the CA repeat facilitates genetic mapping. Both the CA repeat and its neighboring sequence are highly conserved in evolution. This permits molecular, cytogenetic, and genetic mapping of UMPs throughout mammalia. UMPs are significant because they make genetic information cumulative among well-studied species and because they transfer such information from "map rich" organisms to those that are "map poor." As a demonstration of the utility of UMPs, comparative maps between human chromosome 3 (HSA3) and the rat genome have been constructed. HSA3 is defined by at least 12 syntenic clusters located on seven different rat chromosomes. These data, together with previous comparative mapping information between human, mouse, and bovine genomes, allow us to propose a distinct evolutionary pathway that connects HSA3 with the chromosomes of rodents, artiodactyls, and primates. The model predicts a parsimonious phylogenetic tree, is readily testable, and will be of considerable use for determining the pathways of mammalian evolution.
通用定位探针（UMPs）被定义为人类DNA的短片段，可用于多种哺乳动物的物理图谱绘制和基因图谱绘制。最有用的UMPs包含一个紧邻高度多态性CA重复序列的保守DNA序列。保守区域决定了物理基因位置，而CA重复序列则便于进行基因图谱绘制。CA重复序列及其相邻序列在进化过程中高度保守。这使得UMPs在整个哺乳动物中进行分子、细胞遗传学和基因图谱绘制成为可能。UMPs很重要，因为它们使遗传信息在经过充分研究的物种中得以积累，并且因为它们将此类信息从“图谱丰富”的生物体转移到“图谱匮乏”的生物体。作为UMPs实用性的一个例证，已经构建了人类3号染色体（HSA3）与大鼠基因组之间的比较图谱。HSA3由位于七条不同大鼠染色体上的至少12个同线群定义。这些数据，连同之前人类、小鼠和牛基因组之间的比较图谱信息，使我们能够提出一条将HSA3与啮齿动物、偶蹄目动物和灵长类动物的染色体联系起来的独特进化途径。该模型预测了一个简约的系统发育树，易于检验，并且对于确定哺乳动物的进化途径将有很大用处。
