Moeller M R, Fey P, Sachs H
Institute of Legal Medicine, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
Forensic Sci Int. 1993 Dec;63(1-3):43-53. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(93)90258-c.
Because hair analysis can be used for the determination of drug use months after drug consumption, hair analysis data can often act as important and even decisive evidence in the courtroom. More recently developed GC/MS methods offer excellent sensitivity and can make the distinction between chronic heroin and codeine use, which was not possible earlier with radioimmunoassay techniques. From more than a thousand hair analyses, the morphine/codeine ratios necessary to determine heroin use were set at 5:1 for low morphine concentrations (< 1 ng/mg hair) and 2:1 for concentrations above 1 ng/mg hair. The distinction can be further focused with the additional analysis of the metabolite monoacetylmorphine (MAM). As can be seen from several case examples, hair analysis cannot pinpoint an exact date of opiate use, but it can be used to validate or invalidate a subject's statement concerning his/her drug consumption. Interpretations should always be made cautiously. Ranges, means and medians are also listed for amphetamine, cocaine and cannabis and work is under way to draw similar safety guidelines for these drugs.
由于毛发分析可用于确定药物消费数月后的用药情况，毛发分析数据在法庭上往往能作为重要甚至决定性的证据。最近开发的气相色谱/质谱联用（GC/MS）方法具有出色的灵敏度，能够区分长期使用海洛因和可待因的情况，而这在早期的放射免疫分析技术中是无法做到的。通过对一千多次毛发分析，确定使用海洛因所需的吗啡/可待因比例在低吗啡浓度（<1纳克/毫克毛发）时设定为5:1，在浓度高于1纳克/毫克毛发时设定为2:1。通过对代谢物单乙酰吗啡（MAM）的额外分析，这种区分可以进一步细化。从几个案例中可以看出，毛发分析无法精确确定使用阿片类药物的具体日期，但它可用于证实或推翻受试者关于其药物消费情况的陈述。解释时应始终谨慎。还列出了安非他命、可卡因和大麻的范围、均值和中位数，并且正在努力为这些药物制定类似的安全指南。
