McKelvie S J
Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Canada.
Br J Psychol. 1994 Feb;85 ( Pt 1):93-104. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02510.x.
After viewing 27 upright photographs of faces, 94 subjects took a forced-choice recognition memory test in which the pairs were shown either upright (N = 54) or inverted (N = 40), then completed Marks' (1973) Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). Although groups of 12 good and 12 poor visualizers representing the lower and upper 30 per cent of VVIQ scores were less accurate, slower to respond and less confident for inverted than upright faces, VVIQ status did not interact with the effect of inversion. However, good visualizers were more confident than poor visualizers, and VVIQ scores themselves were lower (indicating more vivid reports) in the upright than in the inverted condition. It was also found that VVIQ scores were lower for more than for less confident subjects, but only for those who were less accurate. These results contradict the hypothesis that the VVIQ reflects holistic processing, but support the hypothesis that it is contaminated by an instrument factor. It is suggested that studies with the VVIQ should be designed to avoid cueing effects of the criterion task, and that the VVIQ should be accompanied by a test of general processing capacity to identify subjects whose responses might be contaminated by confidence.
在观看了27张正面人脸照片后，94名受试者进行了一项强制选择识别记忆测试，其中照片对分别以正立（N = 54）或倒立（N = 40）的方式呈现，然后完成了马克斯（1973年）的视觉意象生动性问卷（VVIQ）。尽管代表VVIQ分数上下30%的12名良好视觉者和12名较差视觉者在识别倒立时不如正立时准确、反应慢且信心不足，但VVIQ状态与倒置效应没有相互作用。然而，良好视觉者比较差视觉者更有信心，并且在正立条件下VVIQ分数本身比倒立条件下更低（表明报告更生动）。还发现，对于信心更强的受试者，VVIQ分数更低，但仅适用于那些准确性较低的受试者。这些结果与VVIQ反映整体加工的假设相矛盾，但支持其受工具因素影响的假设。建议VVIQ研究应设计成避免标准任务的提示效应，并且VVIQ应辅以一般加工能力测试，以识别其反应可能受信心影响的受试者。
