Bisset N G, Bruhn J G, Curto S, Holmstedt B, Nyman U, Zenk M H
Chelsea Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, University of London, UK.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1994 Jan;41(1-2):99-114. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90064-7.
Examination by microscopy, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography alone and combined with mass spectrometry, and radioimmunoassay methods of materials from the tomb of the ancient Egyptian chief royal architect Kha, who is believed to have died about 1405 BC, has shown that there is no morphine--and hence no opium--present. This finding casts doubt on the results of an earlier analysis. Tropane alkaloids are likewise absent. The significance of the present findings for the history of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., in the eastern Mediterranean region is discussed. Evidence (chemical, botanical, artefactual, and linguistic) for the supposed presence of the opium poppy and opium in Egypt in the Late Bronze Age is briefly reviewed. These considerations and the negative outcome of the present analyses mean that the earlier reported finding can no longer be accepted as evidence.
通过显微镜检查、薄层色谱法、气相色谱法（单独使用以及与质谱联用）和放射免疫分析法，对古埃及首席皇家建筑师卡（据信死于公元前1405年左右）之墓出土的材料进行分析，结果表明其中不存在吗啡，因此也不存在鸦片。这一发现对早期分析结果提出了质疑。同样也不存在托烷生物碱。文中讨论了这些发现对于地中海东部地区罂粟（Papaver somniferum L.）历史的意义。简要回顾了关于青铜时代晚期埃及存在罂粟和鸦片的假定证据（化学、植物学、人工制品和语言学方面）。这些考量以及本次分析的负面结果意味着，先前报道的发现不能再被视为证据。
