Bachl N, Baron R, Tschan H, Mossaheb M, Bumba W, Hildebrand F, Knauf M, Witt M, Albrecht R, Kozlovskaya I
Abteilung Sportphysiologie, der Universität Wien.
Wien Med Wochenschr. 1993;143(23-24):588-610.
Depending on the time spent in a space station, weightlessness causes varying changes to various organs and regulatory mechanisms of the human organism, among them the structures of the active and passive locomotor system. Experience has shown that regular physical activity using varying forms of training is necessary to keep astronauts and cosmonauts healthy, efficient and fit for work and to prepare them for a safe return to terrestrial conditions. One of the main tasks of physical activity is therefore to counteract the changes in the neuromuscular function, muscle strength, endurance and fatigability under conditions of weightlessness. So far, the diagnostics of these changes was limited to dynamometric measurements before and after space flights as no dynamometric method had been devised which was precise enough under conditions of weightlessness. The development and the introduction of the dynamoergometer Motomir is described against the background of previous results obtained by dynamometric, ergometric, morphometric, biochemical, histochemical and neuromuscular examinations before and after missions of varying duration under conditions of weightlessness. This device was used for the first valid and reproducible examinations of muscle strength and endurance aboard the space station Mir during the Austro-Russian space mission Austromir. The results of the examinations with this speed-controlled dynamometer and training device obtained during a short-term flight of 10 days and a long-term flight of 6 months are described and compared to previous results in the literature. Based on the existing training devices, training methods and training plans and the results of the Motomir Study, plans for devices and methodologies for future long-term space flights of up to 3 years' duration will be discussed. Finally, the possible use of a speed-controlled dynamometer and training device for rehabilitation on earth after injuries, surgery and immobilization of the active and passive locomotor system as well as in the bed-rest syndrome is being presented.
根据在空间站停留的时间，失重会对人体机体的各种器官和调节机制产生不同程度的影响，其中包括主动和被动运动系统的结构。经验表明，采用多种训练形式进行定期体育活动对于保持宇航员的健康、高效工作能力以及使其适应工作并为安全返回地面条件做好准备是必要的。因此，体育活动的主要任务之一是抵消失重条件下神经肌肉功能、肌肉力量、耐力和疲劳性的变化。到目前为止，对这些变化的诊断仅限于太空飞行前后的测力测量，因为尚未设计出在失重条件下足够精确的测力方法。在失重条件下不同持续时间任务前后进行的测力、功率测定、形态测量、生化、组织化学和神经肌肉检查所获得的先前结果的背景下，描述了动力测力计Motomir的开发和引入。该设备在奥地利 - 俄罗斯太空任务Austromir期间用于和平号空间站上首次对肌肉力量和耐力进行有效且可重复的检查。描述了在为期10天的短期飞行和为期6个月的长期飞行中使用这种速度控制测力计和训练设备所获得的检查结果，并与文献中的先前结果进行了比较。基于现有的训练设备、训练方法和训练计划以及Motomir研究的结果，将讨论针对未来长达3年的长期太空飞行的设备和方法计划。最后，介绍了速度控制测力计和训练设备在主动和被动运动系统受伤、手术后以及固定后以及在卧床休息综合征中的地球康复方面的可能用途。
