笨蛋，一种学习能力有缺陷的果蝇突变体。

Dudai Y, Jan Y N, Byers D, Quinn W G, Benzer S

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 May;73(5):1684-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.5.1684.

Normal Drosophilia learn to avoid an odorant associated with electric shock. An X-linked mutant, dunce, has been isolated that fails to display this learning in spite of being able to sense the odorant and electric shock and showing essentially normal behavior in other respects.

正常的果蝇会学会避开与电击相关的气味剂。一种X连锁突变体“笨蛋”已被分离出来，尽管它能够感知气味剂和电击，并且在其他方面表现基本正常，但却无法表现出这种学习能力。