Bloom S R
Horm Metab Res. 1976;Suppl 6:85-90.
Glucose tends to be elevated in situations of stress and an increase in plasma glucagon is an important cause. The rapidity of the glucagon rise in stress suggests a nervous mechanism. Electron microscopy has shown that the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas have, in fact, both an adrenergic and cholinergic innervation. Splanchnic-nerve stimulation has been shown in animals to cause a massive release of glucagon and marked inhibition of insulin. The glucagon response to hypoglycemia, on the other hand, appears to be significantly controlled by the parasympathetic system and, in man, is greatly attenuated after vagotomy. Thus there is a dual influence of the autonomic system on the islets of Langerhans, the sympathetic innervation elevating glucose in stress and the parasympathetic aiding glucose homeostasis.
在应激状态下，血糖往往会升高，血浆胰高血糖素增加是一个重要原因。应激状态下胰高血糖素升高的速度表明存在神经机制。电子显微镜显示，胰腺的α细胞和β细胞实际上都有肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经支配。在动物实验中，内脏神经刺激已被证明会导致胰高血糖素大量释放和胰岛素显著抑制。另一方面，胰高血糖素对低血糖的反应似乎受副交感神经系统的显著控制，在人类中，迷走神经切断术后这种反应会大大减弱。因此，自主神经系统对胰岛有双重影响，交感神经支配在应激时升高血糖，副交感神经则有助于维持葡萄糖稳态。
