Petersen J, Kochs E, Kochs H D
Universität-GH-Duisburg.
Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1994 Apr;29(2):74-89. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-996692.
The euphoric assumption that powerful computers fed with sophisticated software programmes may serve as a substitute for human knowledge and decision making has been replaced by a more realistic concept of how computers may help in collecting data and their interpretation on the basis of human knowledge and experience. The computer is now used as a dedicated tool to support man in overtaking cumbersome and monotonous processes and tedious calculations. Running 24 hours a day, a specific feature of the computer is that depending on unequivocal software programmes it does neither forget or alter commands and information. Computer programmes imitating human thinking and information processing are called expert or knowledge based systems. These are especially useful when multiple possible combinations of data make a given task very complex. This review presents several systems used in different medical disciplines to describe fundamental ideas, different problem-solving methods, techniques and possible working fields including anaesthesia. It is made clear why computers have found widespread use in all administrative areas. In contrast, no system comparable in potency has been developed for use in clinical medicine in spite of 25 years of research in expert systems. This review starts with a definition of expert knowledge and the appropriate transformation of this knowledge to the computer. In addition, a general survey about the structure of expert systems and a state of the art in some current problem solving methods is given. Additional aspects and restrictions including technical, psychological and legal problems which seem to be unimportant from the outside but are essential for the development of expert systems are presented.
那种认为配备复杂软件程序的强大计算机可以替代人类知识和决策的欣快假设，已被一种更现实的观念所取代，即计算机如何基于人类知识和经验来帮助收集数据及其解释。计算机现在被用作一种专用工具，以支持人类完成繁琐、单调的流程和冗长的计算。计算机一天运行24小时，其一个特定特性是，根据明确的软件程序，它既不会忘记也不会更改命令和信息。模仿人类思维和信息处理的计算机程序被称为专家系统或基于知识的系统。当数据的多种可能组合使给定任务变得非常复杂时，这些系统特别有用。本综述介绍了在不同医学学科中使用的几种系统，以描述基本思想、不同的问题解决方法、技术以及包括麻醉学在内的可能工作领域。文中明确说明了计算机在所有行政领域广泛应用的原因。相比之下，尽管在专家系统方面进行了25年的研究，但尚未开发出在临床医学中效力相当的系统。本综述首先对专家知识进行定义，并将这种知识适当地转化为计算机知识。此外，还对专家系统的结构以及一些当前问题解决方法的现状进行了概述。还介绍了包括技术、心理和法律问题在内的其他方面和限制，这些问题从表面看似乎不重要，但对专家系统的开发至关重要。
