Kendler K S, Neale M C, Kessler R C, Heath A C, Eaves L J
Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;50(11):853-62. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820230023002.
To elucidate the nature of the etiologic relationship between personality and major depression in women.
A longitudinal twin design in which twins completed a time 1 questionnaire and, 15 months later, were personally interviewed for the occurrence of major depression during the last year and completed a time 2-questionnaire. Both questionnaires contained short forms assessing neuroticism and extraversion.
1733 twins from female-female pairs ascertained from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry.
Extraversion was unrelated to lifetime or 1-year prevalence of major depression. Neuroticism was strongly related to lifetime prevalence of major depression and robustly predicted the prospective 1-year prevalence of major depression in those who, at time 1, denied previous depressive episodes. However, controlling for levels of neuroticism at time 1, levels of neuroticism at time 2 were moderately elevated in those who had had an episode of major depression between times 1 and 2 ("scar" effect) and substantially elevated in those experiencing an episode of major depression at time 2 ("state" effect). In those who developed major depression, levels of neuroticism did not predict time to onset. In the best-fit longitudinal twin model, the proportion of the observed correlation between neuroticism and the liability to major depression that is due to shared genetic risk factors was estimated at around 70%, that due to shared environmental risk factors at around 20%, and that due to a direct causal effect of major depression on neuroticism (via both "scar" and "state" effects) at around 10%. Approximately 55% of the genetic liability of major depression appeared to be shared with neuroticism, while 45% was unique to major depression.
In women, the relationship between neuroticism and the liability to major depression is substantial and largely the result of genetic factors that predispose to both neuroticism and major depression.
阐明女性人格与重度抑郁症之间病因学关系的本质。
一项纵向双生子研究设计，双生子完成一份时间1问卷，15个月后，就过去一年中重度抑郁症的发生情况接受个人访谈，并完成一份时间2问卷。两份问卷均包含评估神经质和外向性的简表。
从基于人群的弗吉尼亚双生子登记处确定的1733对女性双生子。
外向性与重度抑郁症的终生患病率或1年患病率无关。神经质与重度抑郁症的终生患病率密切相关，并且有力地预测了那些在时间1否认有过抑郁发作的人未来1年的重度抑郁症患病率。然而，在控制时间1的神经质水平后，在时间1和时间2之间有过一次重度抑郁发作的人（“疤痕”效应），其时间2的神经质水平中度升高，而在时间2经历重度抑郁发作的人（“状态”效应），其时间2的神经质水平大幅升高。在患重度抑郁症的人中，神经质水平不能预测发病时间。在最佳拟合纵向双生子模型中，神经质与重度抑郁症易感性之间观察到的相关性中，约70%归因于共享遗传风险因素，约20%归因于共享环境风险因素，约10%归因于重度抑郁症对神经质的直接因果效应（通过“疤痕”和“状态”效应）。重度抑郁症约55%的遗传易感性似乎与神经质共享，而45%是重度抑郁症所特有的。
在女性中，神经质与重度抑郁症易感性之间的关系很显著，且很大程度上是由导致神经质和重度抑郁症的遗传因素造成的。
