Best R J, Bartlett R M, Morriss C J
Department of Physical Education and Recreation, Victoria University of Technology, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia.
J Sports Sci. 1993 Aug;11(4):315-28. doi: 10.1080/02640419308730001.
This paper reports a three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the best throws from the women's and men's javelin competitions at the 1991 World Student Games in Sheffield. This was undertaken to obtain accurate three-dimensional release parameter values for elite javelin throwers in a top competition, to relate the release parameters to important temporal and kinematic features of the javelin throwing technique and to carry out an assessment of the adequacy of two-dimensional estimates of release parameter values in comparison with those from the three-dimensional analysis. Cine-film was taken using two phase-locked Panasonic 1PL cameras running at a frame rate of 100 Hz, and every other frame was digitized. All methodologies were in accord with the guidelines of the British Association of Sports Sciences. The results indicated the possibility of two different throwing techniques, within and between individuals, relating both to the timing of hip joint actions within the kinematic chain and the trade-off between the impulse applied to the javelin and run-up speed. The results also indicated that important release parameter values assessed from the xz-plane alone differed only marginally from those from three dimensions. The extra information obtainable from three-dimensional analysis (such as angle of sideslip, incidence magnitude, azimuth angle, angle of track and yaw rate) along with the poor representation of the time-course of important variables obtained from the xz-plane makes the three-dimensional analysis of this event essential. This is further strengthened by the practical use of three-dimensional analysis in allowing coaches and throwers the opportunity to view the event from any perspective. Recommendations for future research include further three-dimensional kinematic analyses with priority being given to assessing ways of estimating wind conditions around the javelin runway and of incorporating the vibrations of the javelin within the analysis.
本文报告了对1991年谢菲尔德世界大学生运动会女子和男子标枪比赛中最佳投掷成绩的三维运动学分析。进行此项分析的目的是获取顶级比赛中优秀标枪运动员准确的三维出手参数值，将出手参数与标枪投掷技术的重要时间和运动学特征相关联，并评估二维出手参数值估计与三维分析所得结果相比的充分性。使用两台锁相的松下1PL摄像机拍摄电影胶片，帧率为100Hz，每隔一帧进行数字化处理。所有方法均符合英国体育科学协会的指导方针。结果表明，在个体内部和个体之间可能存在两种不同的投掷技术，这与运动链中髋关节动作的时间以及对标枪施加的冲量和助跑速度之间的权衡有关。结果还表明，仅从xz平面评估的重要出手参数值与三维分析所得结果仅略有差异。从三维分析中可获得的额外信息（如侧滑角、入射角大小、方位角、轨迹角和偏航率），以及从xz平面获得的重要变量时间历程的不良表示，使得对该项目进行三维分析至关重要。三维分析在实际应用中能让教练和投掷运动员从任何角度观看比赛，这进一步强化了上述观点。对未来研究的建议包括进一步进行三维运动学分析，重点是评估估计标枪跑道周围风况的方法以及将标枪振动纳入分析的方法。
