Gomberg E S
Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104.
Recent Dev Alcohol. 1993;11:95-107.
Study of women and alcohol may involve a female/male comparison or comparison among subgroups of women. Epidemiological study over the last decades has not supported the hypothesis of convergence of male and female drinking rates, but changes in women's drinking patterns have occurred. Problem drinking and alcohol abuse in men and women are compared: genetics, vulnerability to liver damage, age at onset, spouse's drinking, use of other drugs. A critical issue is the public/private nature of drinking and the consequences which follow from that. Major antecedents to female problem drinking appear to be difficulties in impulse control, depression, and the earlier appearance of other diagnostic syndromes such as eating disorders or phobia. The consequences of problem drinking and alcoholism--interpersonal, legal, occupational, and medical--are discussed. In spite of the increase in gender-related research reports, women remain "the second sex" in theory development and diagnostic definitions.
对女性与酒精的研究可能涉及女性与男性的比较，或者女性亚组之间的比较。过去几十年的流行病学研究并不支持男性和女性饮酒率趋同的假设，但女性的饮酒模式已经发生了变化。对男性和女性的问题饮酒及酒精滥用进行了比较：包括遗传学、对肝脏损伤的易感性、发病年龄、配偶饮酒情况、其他药物的使用。一个关键问题是饮酒的公共/私人性质以及由此产生的后果。女性问题饮酒的主要先兆似乎是冲动控制困难、抑郁，以及其他诊断综合征（如饮食失调或恐惧症）的较早出现。文中讨论了问题饮酒和酗酒在人际、法律、职业和医学方面的后果。尽管与性别相关的研究报告有所增加，但在理论发展和诊断定义方面，女性仍然处于“第二性”的地位。
