Faulkner J A, Brooks S V, Opiteck J A
Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2007.
Phys Ther. 1993 Dec;73(12):911-21. doi: 10.1093/ptj/73.12.911.
Contraction-induced injury results in the degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers. Of the three types of contractions--shortening (concentric), isometric, and lengthening (eccentric)--injury is most likely to occur and the severity of the injury is greatest during lengthening contractions. The magnitude of the injury to muscle fibers may be assessed by direct measures of cellular and ultrastructural damage; by indirect measures of changes in enzyme efflux, calcium influx, ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione, and force development; and, in human beings, by reports of muscle soreness. The sequence of events includes an initial injury that is primarily mechanical and a secondary metabolic, or biochemical, injury that peaks 1 to 3 days after the injurious contractions. The recovery from contraction-induced injury is usually complete within 30 days. Repeated exposures to protocols of lengthening contractions result in "trained" muscles that are not injured by the protocol that previously caused injury.
收缩诱导损伤会导致肌纤维变性和再生。在三种收缩类型中——缩短（向心性）、等长和延长（离心性）——损伤最容易在延长收缩过程中发生，且损伤程度最大。对肌纤维的损伤程度可通过细胞和超微结构损伤的直接测量来评估；通过酶流出、钙内流、氧化型谷胱甘肽与还原型谷胱甘肽的比率以及力量发展变化的间接测量来评估；在人类中，还可通过肌肉酸痛报告来评估。事件序列包括最初主要是机械性的损伤以及在损伤性收缩后1至3天达到峰值的继发性代谢或生化损伤。收缩诱导损伤的恢复通常在30天内完成。反复进行延长收缩方案会产生“训练有素”的肌肉，这些肌肉不会因先前导致损伤的方案而受伤。
