Dieter H H, Kerndorff H
Institute for Water-, Soil- and Air Hygiene of the Federal Health Office of Germany (BGA), Berlin.
Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1993;29(2):263-77.
Organochlorine compounds are widely used in Germany although the inland production of chlorinated solvents has greatly decreased since 1985. Data on groundwater contamination are incomplete, but there are some regional data sets from the States (Länder). Approximately 25% of the groundwater samples contain more than 1 microgram/l of a single solvent, the most prominent ones being tri- and tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and dichloromethane, but also chloroform. The most important causes for contaminations of the groundwater are unprotected storage and leaking sewage systems. Abandoned waste sites are, besides chlorinated compounds, also a source of many other contaminants. A ranking procedure according to their exposure potential (concentration, incidence, toxicology) is proposed. The compound of greatest concern is vinyl chloride, which is formed from tri- and tetrachloroethene under reducing conditions in the subsoil. The most important contaminant in drinking water is tetrachloroethene followed by 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethane. Chlorobenzene may also be present on occasion, while only about 20% of the finished drinking waters contain more chloroform after treatment than before. Only about 10% of all analyses of drinking water derived from groundwater shows the presence of organochlorine solvents and most of these show total concentrations less than 2 micrograms/l. The degradation product, vinyl chloride, was found up to now only in different groundwaters. To stabilize and to improve the situation, which still is much more favorable for drinking than for groundwater, precautions are going to be taken which should assure that these and other problematic substances which endanger water are used only in closed systems and rigid safety measures be imposed on their disposal and transport.
有机氯化合物在德国被广泛使用，尽管自1985年以来氯化溶剂的国内产量已大幅下降。关于地下水污染的数据并不完整，但有一些来自各州的区域数据集。大约25%的地下水样本含有超过1微克/升的单一溶剂，其中最突出的是三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯、1,1,1-三氯乙烷和二氯甲烷，还有氯仿。地下水污染的最重要原因是储存无保护措施和污水系统泄漏。除了氯化化合物外，废弃的垃圾场也是许多其他污染物的来源。提出了一种根据其暴露潜力（浓度、发生率、毒理学）进行排序的程序。最令人担忧的化合物是氯乙烯，它是由三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯在地下土壤的还原条件下形成的。饮用水中最重要的污染物是四氯乙烯，其次是1,1,1-三氯乙烷和三氯乙烷。氯苯偶尔也可能存在，而只有约20%的成品饮用水在处理后比处理前含有更多的氯仿。在所有来自地下水的饮用水分析中，只有约10%显示存在有机氯溶剂，而且其中大多数的总浓度低于2微克/升。到目前为止，降解产物氯乙烯仅在不同的地下水中被发现。为了稳定和改善这种情况（目前对饮用水来说情况仍比对地下水有利得多），将采取预防措施，确保这些以及其他危害水的有问题物质仅在封闭系统中使用，并对其处置和运输实施严格的安全措施。
