Seiffge-Krenke I
University of Bonn, Department of Psychology, Germany.
J Adolesc. 1993 Sep;16(3):285-303. doi: 10.1006/jado.1993.1026.
In our studies we tried to integrate a developmental and a clinical perspective on coping and adaptation in adolescence. Starting with a review of the author's own research, involving over 3000 12- to 20-year-olds from various cultures, the problems typical of this developmental phase and the ways of coping with these normative demands are presented. The results show that coping skills of young people in dealing with age-specific problems have so far been considerably underestimated. Their response to problems stemming from different developmental fields such as parents, peers, school or future involved three main modes of coping: Active Coping, Internal Coping and Withdrawal. Withdrawal was employed very rarely and only for certain types of problems. Age, gender and problem-specific effects in coping were found. Whereas normal adolescents most frequently choose to cope with difficulties actively by means of social resources and to think out possible solutions, risk populations appear to have a more ambivalent pattern of coping strategies with high functionality and high dysfunctionality. Even their appraisal of problems is already disturbed; they feel more readily threatened by everyday problem situations and respond more uniformly with withdrawal. Finally, similarities between the female coping style in normal samples and the more pronounced ambivalent pattern in clinical samples were discussed and related to psychopathology.
在我们的研究中，我们试图将发展心理学视角与临床视角结合起来，以探讨青少年的应对与适应问题。本文首先回顾了作者本人的研究，该研究涵盖了来自不同文化背景的3000多名12至20岁的青少年，呈现了这一发展阶段典型的问题以及应对这些规范性要求的方式。结果表明，年轻人应对特定年龄问题的技能迄今为止被大大低估了。他们对来自不同发展领域（如父母、同龄人、学校或未来）的问题的反应涉及三种主要应对模式：积极应对、内在应对和退缩。退缩很少被采用，且仅用于某些类型的问题。研究发现了应对方式上的年龄、性别和问题特异性影响。正常青少年最常选择通过社会资源积极应对困难，并想出可能的解决方案；而风险人群的应对策略模式似乎更为矛盾，兼具高功能性和高功能失调性。甚至他们对问题的评估已经受到干扰；他们更容易受到日常问题情境的威胁，并更一致地以退缩做出反应。最后，讨论了正常样本中女性应对方式与临床样本中更为明显的矛盾模式之间的相似性，并将其与精神病理学联系起来。
