Ruble D N, Greulich F, Pomerantz E M, Gochberg B
Department of Psychology, New York University, NY 10003.
J Affect Disord. 1993 Oct-Nov;29(2-3):97-128. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90027-h.
This paper examines gender socialization processes during childhood that may contribute to a higher incidence of depression or depressive symptoms in females than in males. It is argued that because of the actions of socialization agents and the impact of gender stereotypes on a child's construction of gender identity, girls may exhibit higher levels of self-evaluative concerns that increase vulnerability to depression. Indeed, a review of the literature on sex differences in self-evaluation suggests that girls may be more susceptible than boys to self-evaluative concerns, particularly as reflected in lower expectations for future success, more maladaptive causal attributions for success or failure outcomes, and negative behavioral and evaluative reactions to failure. Moreover, an examination of the literature on sex differences in depressive symptoms leads to questions about previous conclusions that girls do not exhibit higher levels of depressive symptoms prior to adolescence. Finally, we present some recent original data that support the contention that sex differences in vulnerability to depression may be evident prior to adolescence.
本文探讨了童年时期的性别社会化过程，这些过程可能导致女性比男性更易出现抑郁症或抑郁症状。有人认为，由于社会化主体的行为以及性别刻板印象对儿童性别认同构建的影响，女孩可能表现出更高水平的自我评估担忧，这增加了她们患抑郁症的易感性。事实上，对自我评价中性别差异的文献综述表明，女孩可能比男孩更容易受到自我评估担忧的影响，特别是体现在对未来成功的期望较低、对成功或失败结果更适应不良的因果归因，以及对失败的负面行为和评估反应上。此外，对抑郁症状性别差异的文献研究引发了对先前结论的质疑，即女孩在青春期之前不会表现出更高水平的抑郁症状。最后，我们展示了一些最新的原始数据，这些数据支持了在青春期之前抑郁症易感性方面可能存在性别差异这一观点。
