Block J H, Gjerde P F, Block J H
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991 May;60(5):726-38. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.60.5.726.
Antecedents of depressive tendencies at age 18 were longitudinally evaluated using data from nursery school through high school. Depression was measured by CES-D scores from which the contribution of self-reported anxiety was partialed. As early as age 7, boys who subsequently acknowledged dysthymia were aggressive, self-aggrandizing, and undercontrolled whereas girls with later depressive tendencies were intropunitive, oversocialized, and overcontrolling. Similar gender differences were observed in pre- and early adolescence. At age 14, dysthymic boys were more likely to use both marijuana and harder drugs whereas dysthymic girls showed no tendency to use marijuana but did show a marked tendency to experiment with hard drugs. These girls also displayed low self-esteem. Preschool IQ correlated positively with dysthymia in girls and negatively in boys. The psychodynamics of gender differences in depressive affect were discussed.
利用从幼儿园到高中的数据，对18岁时抑郁倾向的前因进行了纵向评估。抑郁程度通过流调中心用抑郁量表（CES-D）得分来衡量，其中自我报告的焦虑因素已被排除。早在7岁时，后来被诊断为心境恶劣障碍的男孩具有攻击性、自我吹嘘且缺乏自控能力，而后来有抑郁倾向的女孩则是自我惩罚、过度社会化且过度控制。在青春期前和青春期早期也观察到了类似的性别差异。14岁时，患心境恶劣障碍的男孩更有可能同时使用大麻和更烈性毒品，而患心境恶劣障碍的女孩没有使用大麻的倾向，但确实表现出明显的尝试烈性毒品的倾向。这些女孩还表现出自尊心较低。学龄前智商与女孩的心境恶劣障碍呈正相关，与男孩的心境恶劣障碍呈负相关。文中讨论了抑郁情绪中性别差异的心理动力学。
