McHale Susan M, Kim Ji-Yeon, Whiteman Shawn, Crouter Ann C
Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University Park, PA, US.
Dev Psychol. 2004 Sep;40(5):868-81. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.868.
The authors studied sex-typing in the kinds (e.g., sports, handicrafts) and social contexts (same- vs. other-sex companions) of children's free time activities, and the links between sex-typed activities and gender development over 2 years. Participants were 200 White, working- and middle-class children (103 girls, 97 boys; mean age = 10.86 years). In annual home interviews, children rated their self-esteem, gender role attitudes and sex-typed personality qualities, academic interests, and school grades. During 7 nightly phone interviews each year, children reported on their activities. Boys were more sex-typed than girls in their peer activities, and children were least sex-typed in their activities with siblings. Sex-typed activities in middle childhood predicted individual differences in gender development in early adolescence.
作者研究了儿童自由活动的种类（如体育、手工艺）和社会环境（同性与异性同伴）中的性别类型，以及性别类型活动与两年内性别发展之间的联系。参与者为200名来自工薪阶层和中产阶级的白人儿童（103名女孩，97名男孩；平均年龄 = 10.86岁）。在每年的家庭访谈中，孩子们对自己的自尊、性别角色态度、性别类型的个性品质、学术兴趣和学业成绩进行评分。在每年7次的夜间电话访谈中，孩子们汇报自己的活动。在同伴活动中，男孩比女孩的性别类型更明显，而孩子们与兄弟姐妹一起活动时性别类型最不明显。童年中期的性别类型活动预示着青春期早期性别发展的个体差异。
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