Hachey D L
Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Feb;59(2 Suppl):454S-463S; discussion 463S-464S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/59.2.454S.
The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends that healthy Americans aged > 2 y reduce energy intake to maintain ideal body weight, saturated fat to 10% of energy, fat intake to 30% of energy, and cholesterol consumption to < 300 mg/d. Although these guidelines exclude pregnant or lactating women, nursing infants, and very young children, women with gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and familial hyperlipidemias may benefit from them. In a normal pregnancy, serum cholesterol and triglycerides rise 25-40% and 200-400%, respectively. Multiparous middle-aged women may have an increased incidence of angina and cholesterol gallstones from the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy. Few studies support the safety of maternal low-fat diets for the developing fetus or demonstrate benefits to the mother. Polyunsaturated fatty acids lower serum lipids, and n-3 fatty acids may improve some obstetric complications. Arachidonic acid (20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) may benefit the psychomotor and visual development of children.
美国国家胆固醇教育计划建议，2岁以上的健康美国人应减少能量摄入以维持理想体重，将饱和脂肪摄入量控制在能量的10%，脂肪摄入量控制在能量的30%，胆固醇摄入量控制在每日300毫克以下。尽管这些指南不包括孕妇、哺乳期妇女、婴儿及幼儿，但患有妊娠期糖尿病、先兆子痫和家族性高脂血症的女性可能从中受益。在正常妊娠期间，血清胆固醇和甘油三酯分别升高25% - 40%和200% - 400%。经产妇中年女性可能因妊娠高胆固醇血症而增加心绞痛和胆固醇结石的发病率。很少有研究支持孕妇低脂饮食对发育中胎儿的安全性，或证明对母亲有益。多不饱和脂肪酸可降低血脂，n - 3脂肪酸可能改善一些产科并发症。花生四烯酸（20:4）和二十二碳六烯酸（22:6）可能有益于儿童的精神运动和视觉发育。
