von Hecker U
Institut für Psychologie der Freien Universität Berlin.
Z Exp Angew Psychol. 1993;40(4):548-76.
Three formal schemata (the cognitive rules of balance, generalization and positivity) were examined to determine their impact on the retention of information about social configurations. First, under standard conditions (12 relations) better retention for relations stemming from balanced configurations was demonstrated, in accordance with the Heiderian memory hypothesis (Experiment 1). Neither generalization nor positivity were observed. The second experiment, which involved 24 relations, showed both generalization and positivity to be effective. A balance effect therefore appears to be limited to a maximum of about 18-21 to-be-learned relations. Beyond this limit, however, the simpler rules (positivity and generalization) can still have an impact on memory. Thus, learning remains schema-driven and does not become "rote learning". The failure of balance to be effective when a larger amount of material is involved is discussed with reference to two alternatives: interference by the number of relations and interference by the number of triads. The significance of the regarding models of representation for social relations in memory is also discussed.
研究了三种形式图式（平衡、泛化和积极的认知规则），以确定它们对社会结构信息保留的影响。首先，在标准条件下（12种关系），根据海德记忆假设（实验1），源自平衡结构的关系表现出更好的保留效果。未观察到泛化和积极效应。涉及24种关系的第二个实验表明泛化和积极效应都是有效的。因此，平衡效应似乎最多限于约18 - 21个待学习的关系。然而，超过这个限度，更简单的规则（积极和泛化）仍然会对记忆产生影响。因此，学习仍然由图式驱动，不会变成“死记硬背”。结合两种可能性讨论了在涉及大量材料时平衡无效的情况：关系数量的干扰和三元组数量的干扰。还讨论了关于社会关系在记忆中的表征模型的意义。
