Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in the nucleus: translocation process and targets.

FGF-2 (basic fibroblast growth factor) was recently detected in the nucleus of a variety of cell types. The large isoforms contain a functional nuclear localization signal that allows their nuclear accumulation in producing cells, while a small amount of FGF-2 added exogenously to target cells is translocated to the nucleus in phase G1 of the cell cycle according to an unknown process. We report here using Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants bearing deficiency in heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) synthesis that HSPGs are required for transport of exogenous FGF-2 to the nucleus. Furthermore a co-transport was suggested since an active complex containing FGF-2 and HSPGs was isolated from nuclei of treated cells. Several FGF-2 nuclear targets were described. In vivo as in vitro, it activates rDNA transcription and it binds to a specific DNA sequence that is present in the non-transcribed spacer of ribosomal genes. In vitro, FGF-2 has a strong affinity for histone H1 and it activates the protein kinase CKII. In the nucleus FGF-2 could regulate gene expression through modulation of chromatin structure.