Gilbert P
Department of Clinical Psychology, Pastures Hospital, Masson House, Mickleover, Derby, UK.
Br J Clin Psychol. 1993 May;32(2):131-53. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01039.x.
This paper suggests that our intuitive use and understanding of the concepts defence and safety can be opened up to more systematic study and theory. This may provide a powerful framework for biopsychosocial approaches in clinical psychology. Defence and safety can be seen as two fundamental, evolutionary adaptive, information-organizing systems. The operation of these two systems has major effects on biological patterns, social behaviour, relationships and the maturation of self-constructs. It is suggested that many forms of psychopathology represent the activation of evolved, defensive strategies. This paper explores the organization and operation of these two systems and attempts to integrate data from neuropsychological work with ideas from evolutionary theory and social psychology on the effects of threat sensitivity and defensiveness, and safety. It is suggested that interpersonal threats are the most common sources of human defensive behaviour and these are often about separation-rejection or power and subordination. In the latter part of the paper discussion will be on the way people try to create safe environments by putting others down, or by submitting to more powerful others.
本文认为，我们对防御和安全概念的直观运用与理解可以进行更系统的研究并形成理论。这可能为临床心理学中的生物心理社会方法提供一个强大的框架。防御和安全可被视为两个基本的、进化适应性的信息组织系统。这两个系统的运作对生物模式、社会行为、人际关系以及自我结构的成熟有着重大影响。有人提出，许多心理病理学形式代表着进化而来的防御策略的激活。本文探讨了这两个系统的组织与运作，并尝试将神经心理学研究的数据与进化理论及社会心理学中关于威胁敏感性、防御性和安全性影响的观点整合起来。有人认为，人际威胁是人类防御行为最常见的来源，这些威胁往往涉及分离 - 拒绝或权力与从属关系。在本文的后半部分，将讨论人们通过贬低他人或屈从于更有权力的他人来创造安全环境的方式。
