Carrington C D, Sheehan D M, Bolger P M
Division of Toxicological Review and Evaluation (HFF-156), Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204.
Food Addit Contam. 1993 May-Jun;10(3):325-35. doi: 10.1080/02652039309374155.
Exposure to lead (Pb) continues to be a source of concern for the US Food and Drug Administration and other United States federal regulatory agencies. Blood lead levels as low as 10 micrograms/dl have been associated with impaired neurobehavioural and cognitive development and electrophysiological deficits in children and reduced gestational age and birth weight in infants. Blood lead levels of 10 micrograms Pb/dl are also of concern in pregnant women because of exposure to the fetus. Blood lead levels of 30 micrograms Pb/dl have been associated with elevated blood pressure and other adverse effects in adults. Thus, the values of 10 and 30 micrograms Pb/dl represent lowest-observed-effects levels for developing and adult populations, respectively. The ingestion levels that result in these blood levels of concern were estimated to be 60 micrograms Pb/day for children ages 6 years or younger, 150 micrograms Pb/day for children aged 7 years or older, 250 micrograms Pb/day for pregnant women and 750 micrograms Pb/day for adults. Provisional total tolerable intake levels for lead were derived from these blood lead levels for each group by applying the Renwick approach to obtain a tolerable exposure level.
铅（Pb）暴露仍是美国食品药品监督管理局及其他美国联邦监管机构关注的问题。低至10微克/分升的血铅水平与儿童神经行为和认知发育受损、电生理缺陷以及婴儿孕周缩短和出生体重降低有关。由于会影响胎儿，孕妇血铅水平达10微克铅/分升也备受关注。30微克铅/分升的血铅水平与成人血压升高及其他不良反应有关。因此，10微克铅/分升和30微克铅/分升的值分别代表发育中人群和成人的最低观察到有害作用水平。导致这些令人担忧的血铅水平的摄入量估计为：6岁及以下儿童为60微克铅/天，7岁及以上儿童为150微克铅/天，孕妇为250微克铅/天，成人为750微克铅/天。通过应用伦威克方法得出每组的可耐受暴露水平，从而从这些血铅水平得出铅的暂定总可耐受摄入量水平。
