Claes M, Poirier L
Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal.
Psychiatr Enfant. 1993;36(1):289-308.
This article reviews recent studies which have examined various aspects of friendship relations in adolescence. Friendship relations are of central importance in the social life of adolescents because they assume a crucial role in certain developmental functions: emancipation from parental guardianship, commencement of heterosexual relations and affirmation of one's identity. This article reports on various aspects of friendships in adolescence: number of friends, places of recruitment, frequency of meetings, and common themes of conversations. Friendship relations are relatively conflict free in adolescence. They can be characterised by three main elements: trust, communication and intimacy. Friendships evolve in adolescence from a common interest in activities to a sharing of opinions, emotions and feelings. At all ages, girls value the elements of friendship more than boys. In the last ten years research has demonstrated that there is a correlation between adolescent friendship, coping mechanisms, and the acquisition of social skills. The quality of friendship relations and particularly the ability to communicate personal worries predicts this correlation better than the number of friends. The research in the field of friends versus parent influence has abused the concept of peer pressure in committing delinquent crimes. Indeed there is a great deal of agreement between parents and friends in terms of moral values and academic and vocational aspirations. The influence of friends predominates only when there are severe conflicts between parents and their children.
本文回顾了近期有关青少年友谊关系各个方面的研究。友谊关系在青少年的社会生活中至关重要，因为它们在某些发展功能中发挥着关键作用：从父母监护中解放出来、开始异性关系以及确认自我身份。本文报道了青少年友谊的各个方面：朋友数量、结交地点、见面频率以及谈话的共同主题。青少年时期的友谊关系相对没有冲突。它们可以由三个主要元素来表征：信任、沟通和亲密。友谊在青少年时期从对活动的共同兴趣发展到观点、情感和感受的分享。在所有年龄段，女孩比男孩更重视友谊的元素。在过去十年中，研究表明青少年友谊、应对机制和社交技能的习得之间存在关联。友谊关系的质量，尤其是表达个人担忧的能力，比朋友数量更能预测这种关联。在朋友与父母影响这一领域的研究中，在将同伴压力归咎于犯罪行为时滥用了这一概念。事实上，在道德价值观以及学业和职业抱负方面，父母和朋友之间有很多共识。只有当父母与孩子之间存在严重冲突时，朋友的影响才占主导。
