Nagell K, Olguin R S, Tomasello M
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
J Comp Psychol. 1993 Jun;107(2):174-86. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.107.2.174.
Common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 2-year-old human children (Homo sapiens) were presented with a rakelike tool and a desirable but out-of-reach object. One group of subjects observed a human demonstrator use the tool in one way, and another group observed a demonstrator use the tool in another way. Children in both cases did what the model did. Chimpanzee subjects, however, behaved identically in the 2 model conditions. Both groups performed better than subjects who saw no demonstration. This pattern of results suggest that the chimpanzees were paying attention to the general functional relations in the task and to the results obtained by the demonstrator but not to the actual methods of tool use demonstrated. Human children were focused on the demonstrator's actual methods of tool use (her behavior). The different social learning processes used by the 2 species have implications for their different forms of social organization.
给普通黑猩猩（黑猩猩属）和2岁的人类儿童（智人）展示了一个耙状工具和一个想要但够不着的物体。一组受试者观察到一名人类示范者以一种方式使用该工具，另一组观察到一名示范者以另一种方式使用该工具。在这两种情况下，儿童都模仿了示范者的行为。然而，黑猩猩受试者在两种示范条件下的行为是相同的。两组的表现都比没有看到示范的受试者要好。这种结果模式表明，黑猩猩关注的是任务中的一般功能关系以及示范者获得的结果，而不是示范的实际工具使用方法。人类儿童关注的是示范者实际的工具使用方法（她的行为）。这两个物种使用的不同社会学习过程对它们不同的社会组织形式有影响。
