Whiten A, Custance D M, Gomez J C, Teixidor P, Bard K A
Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland.
J Comp Psychol. 1996 Mar;110(1):3-14. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.110.1.3.
Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild.
利用一种设计成类似灵长类动物面临的自然觅食问题的人造水果，对黑猩猩和幼儿的观察性学习进行了研究。3个主要组成部分中的每一个都可以通过两种不同的方式移除，每个受试者只观看其中一种方式的示范。这使得受试者随后的模仿行为能够与刺激增强区分开来。2至4岁的儿童对2个组成部分表现出模仿行为，但他们也通过自己的方法实现了示范的结果。黑猩猩甚至更依赖自己的方法，但它们确实模仿了任务中1个组成部分的元素。据我们所知，这是在一项旨在模拟野生环境中假设通过文化传播的觅食行为的功能性任务中，黑猩猩模仿行为的首个实验证据。
