Adolph K E, Eppler M A, Gibson E J
Emory University.
Child Dev. 1993 Aug;64(4):1158-74.
14-month-old toddlers vs. 8.5-month-old crawling infants were encouraged to ascend and descend a sloping walkway (10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, and 40 degrees). Infants in both locomotor groups overestimated their ability to ascend slopes. However, on descending trials where falling was more aversive, most toddlers switched from walking to sliding positions for safe descent, but crawlers plunged down head first and many fell at each increment. Toddlers touched and hesitated most before descending 10 degrees and 20 degrees slopes, and they explored alternative means for descent by testing out different sliding positions before leaving the starting platform. In contrast, crawlers touched and hesitated most before descending 30 degrees and 40 degrees slopes, and they never explored alternative sliding positions. In addition, we analyzed measures of locomotor skill and experience in relation to children's ability to perceive affordances. Findings indicate that children must learn to perceive affordances for locomotion over slopes and that learning may begin by fine-tuning of exploratory activity.
研究人员鼓励14个月大的学步儿童和8.5个月大的正在爬行的婴儿在倾斜的通道（10度、20度、30度和40度）上爬上和爬下。两个运动组的婴儿都高估了自己爬坡的能力。然而，在下降试验中，由于摔倒更令人厌恶，大多数学步儿童会从行走姿势转换为滑动姿势以安全下降，但爬行的婴儿则头朝下猛地冲下去，而且每次坡度增加时都会有很多婴儿摔倒。学步儿童在下降10度和20度的斜坡之前触摸和犹豫的次数最多，并且他们在离开起始平台之前通过测试不同的滑动姿势探索了其他下降方式。相比之下，爬行的婴儿在下降30度和40度的斜坡之前触摸和犹豫的次数最多，并且他们从未探索过其他滑动姿势。此外，我们分析了运动技能和经验的指标与儿童感知可供性的能力之间的关系。研究结果表明，儿童必须学会感知在斜坡上运动的可供性，并且这种学习可能始于对探索活动的微调。
