Mineka S, Cook M
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208.
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1993 Mar;122(1):23-38. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.122.1.23.
Three experiments support the hypothesis that mechanisms involved in observational conditioning (OC) of fear are similar to those of direct classical conditioning and involve the organism attempting to detect the causal structure of its environment. Experiment 1, a correlational analysis, shows that model monkeys' fear behaviors on snake trials (unconditioned stimulus [US]) were highly correlated with observer monkeys' fear (unconditioned response) while watching the models' fear. In Experiment 2, all observers showed distress while watching the model's fear during Session 1 of OC, but only observers who could see the snake to which the model was reacting continued to show fear during subsequent OC sessions, suggesting that the model's fear is an easily habituable US. In Experiment 3, observers acquired significant fear of snakes after 1 OC session, indicating that the continued fear of those Experiment 2 observers that could see the snake may reflect their own acquired fear of snakes.
恐惧的观察性条件作用（OC）所涉及的机制与直接经典条件作用的机制相似，并且涉及有机体试图检测其环境的因果结构。实验1是一项相关性分析，结果表明，在蛇试验（无条件刺激[US]）中，示范猴的恐惧行为与观察猴在观看示范猴恐惧时的恐惧（无条件反应）高度相关。在实验2中，所有观察者在OC的第1阶段观看示范猴的恐惧时都表现出痛苦，但只有那些能看到示范猴对其做出反应的蛇的观察者在随后的OC阶段继续表现出恐惧，这表明示范猴的恐惧是一种容易习惯化的US。在实验3中，观察者在1次OC训练后对蛇产生了显著的恐惧，这表明实验2中那些能看到蛇的观察者持续的恐惧可能反映了他们自身习得的对蛇的恐惧。
