Richman K M, Rickman L S
Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Diego Medical Center.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988). 1993 Apr;6(4):402-6.
We review the potential for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by human bites. HIV may be present in saliva, although infrequently and at low levels. In prospective studies, 13 people bitten by HIV-infected individuals have remained HIV seronegative. Only two cases have been published in which HIV transmission through bites may have occurred. Both blood-contaminated and cell-free saliva may contain HIV. The presence of blood in the saliva may potentially heighten the theoretical risk of HIV transmission through human bites. We have estimated the risk of HIV transmission through human bites and have compared it with the known risks of HIV seroconversion by needle stick (0.3-0.5%). Needle sticks, on average, could transmit 20 times more HIV-infected cells than would a human bite. We conclude that the transmission of HIV through human bites is biologically possible but remains unlikely, epidemiologically insignificant, and, as yet, not well documented.
我们回顾了人类咬伤导致人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）传播的可能性。HIV可能存在于唾液中，尽管这种情况很少见且含量很低。在前瞻性研究中，13名被HIV感染者咬伤的人HIV血清学检测仍为阴性。仅有两例关于可能通过咬伤发生HIV传播的病例被发表。被血液污染的唾液和无细胞唾液中都可能含有HIV。唾液中存在血液可能会增加通过人类咬伤传播HIV的理论风险。我们估算了通过人类咬伤传播HIV的风险，并将其与已知的针刺导致HIV血清转化的风险（0.3 - 0.5%）进行了比较。平均而言，针刺传播的HIV感染细胞数量可能是人类咬伤的20倍。我们得出结论，通过人类咬伤传播HIV在生物学上是可能的，但仍然不太可能发生，在流行病学上无足轻重，而且目前尚无充分的文献记载。
