Carlson-Radvansky L A, Irwin D E
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
Cognition. 1993 Mar;46(3):223-44. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90011-j.
Spatial terms such as "above" must be used and interpreted with respect to some frame of reference. Perceptual cues for verticality were varied in four experiments to investigate whether the comprehension and production of "above" is based on a viewer-centered (deictic) frame, an environment-centered (extrinsic) frame, or an object-centered (intrinsic) frame of reference. "Above" was usually interpreted with respect to an environment-centered reference frame, but there was a significant contribution from object-centered reference frames as well; the viewer-centered reference frame made no independent contribution to "above". The meaning of "above" appears not to specify a particular reference frame; rather, selection of a reference frame during spatial assignment determines how spatial terms such as "above" and "below" will be used and interpreted.
诸如“在……上方”之类的空间术语必须相对于某个参照系来使用和解释。在四项实验中，垂直性的感知线索有所不同，以研究“在……上方”的理解和表达是基于以观察者为中心（指示性）的参照系、以环境为中心（外在）的参照系，还是以物体为中心（内在）的参照系。“在……上方”通常是相对于以环境为中心的参照系来解释的，但以物体为中心的参照系也有显著贡献；以观察者为中心的参照系对“在……上方”没有独立贡献。“在……上方”的含义似乎并未指定特定的参照系；相反，在空间赋值过程中对参照系进行选择决定了诸如“在……上方”和“在……下方”之类的空间术语将如何被使用和解释。
