Neonatal pain: a comprehensive survey of attitudes and practices.

We surveyed 352 physicians board certified in neonatal-perinatal medicine on their attitudes and practices in the area of pain and pain management in neonates and infants. In contrast to earlier surveys of this type, almost all respondents indicated that even the youngest and most premature infants are able to perceive pain, and most reported that they always advocated anesthesia during the intraoperative period. The use of analgesic agents in the postoperative period, however, was more variable. Respondents who indicated that neonates perceived less pain than adults reported seeing fewer signs of pain and using less analgesia in the postoperative period. They were also more likely to believe that analgesics are too dangerous to use in neonates and that physiologic factors such as incomplete myelination of the pain pathways and neural/physical immaturity (factors now known not to play a role) contribute to diminished pain sensitivity. Conversely, respondents who indicated that neonates do not perceive less pain than adults, the majority of respondents, reported seeing more signs of pain and using more medication in the postoperative period. These physicians also believed that the physiologic stress associated with pain can be more dangerous than the analgesics. We conclude that attitudes and reported practices have changed in the area of neonatal pain and pain management. Furthermore, our data indicate that these attitudes significantly predict reported postoperative medicating practices.