Huijbregts P P, Feskens E J, Räsänen L, Alberti-Fidanza A, Mutanen M, Fidanza F, Kromhout D
Department of Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Nov;49(11):852-60.
To obtain insight into dietary habits of elderly people and how these habits have evolved from middle to old age.
Cross-sectional study of dietary patterns around 1990; retrospective cohort study of changes in dietary intake since middle age.
Five cohorts: East and West Finland, Zutphen (Netherlands), Crevalcore (Italy), and Montegiorgo (Italy).
Men aged 70-90 years around 1990.
Food intake was estimated using a cross-check dietary history adjusted to the local situation.
(i) Cross-sectional: Significant differences were observed between the countries for all food groups, energy and nutrients (P < 0.05). The Finnish diet was characterised by a high consumption of animal products and potatoes, the Italian diet by a high consumption of cereals, vegetables, fruits and alcohol. The Dutch diet was generally intermediate. (ii) Longitudinal: The decrease in energy intake since middle age varied from 4.2 MJ/day in the Finnish cohorts to 2.1 MJ/day in Italy. Also the consumption of most food groups decreased but the consumption of vegetables and fruits increased. Saturated fatty acid intake decreased by 3 E% in the Finnish cohorts and decreased by < 1 E% in Italy. Alcohol intake decreased by approximately 7 E% in Italy while it increased by 2.5 E% in the Netherlands.
Although the general patterns of dietary intake of the different cultures still can be recognised at old age, the variation between them has become smaller. Compared to their dietary intake at middle age, however, the dietary pattern of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts has changed slightly in the direction of a healthy diet, while the diet of the Italian men remained Mediterranean, and thus more healthy, at old age.
深入了解老年人的饮食习惯以及这些习惯从中年到老年是如何演变的。
1990年左右饮食模式的横断面研究；中年以来饮食摄入量变化的回顾性队列研究。
五个队列：芬兰东部和西部、祖特芬（荷兰）、克雷瓦尔科尔（意大利）和蒙特焦尔戈（意大利）。
1990年左右70 - 90岁的男性。
采用根据当地情况调整的交叉核对饮食史来估计食物摄入量。
（i）横断面研究：所有食物组、能量和营养素在各国之间均观察到显著差异（P < 0.05）。芬兰饮食的特点是动物产品和土豆的高消费量，意大利饮食的特点是谷物、蔬菜、水果和酒精的高消费量。荷兰饮食总体上处于中间水平。（ii）纵向研究：中年以来能量摄入量的下降幅度从芬兰队列的4.2兆焦耳/天到意大利的2.1兆焦耳/天不等。大多数食物组的消费量也有所下降，但蔬菜和水果的消费量增加。芬兰队列中饱和脂肪酸摄入量下降了3个能量百分比，意大利下降了不到1个能量百分比。意大利的酒精摄入量下降了约7个能量百分比，而荷兰则增加了2.5个能量百分比。
尽管不同文化的总体饮食摄入模式在老年时仍可识别，但它们之间的差异已变小。然而，与中年时的饮食摄入量相比，芬兰和荷兰队列的饮食模式在向健康饮食方向略有变化，而意大利男性在老年时的饮食仍保持地中海式，因此更健康。
