Boysen S T, Bernston G G, Hannan M B, Cacioppo J T
Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1222, USA.
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1996 Jan;22(1):76-86.
Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations.
五只经过计数和数字技能训练的黑猩猩在两组不同数量的糖果阵列或两个阿拉伯数字之间进行选择。一种反向强化条件生效，即所选阵列被拿走，受试者得到未选的糖果（或未选阿拉伯数字所代表的糖果数量）。当糖果用作阵列元素时，动物无法通过选择较小的阵列来最大化奖励。当用阿拉伯数字代替糖果阵列时，所有动物都立即转向选择较小数字的更优反应策略，从而获得更大的奖励。结果表明，对高激励糖果刺激的反应倾向对表现产生了强大的干扰效应，而使用符号表征有效地克服了这种效应。
