Three functions of bacteriophage P1 involved in cell lysis.

Amber and deletion mutants were used to assign functions in cell lysis to three late genes of bacteriophage P1. Two of these genes, lydA and lydB of the dar operon, are 330 and 444 bp in length, respectively, with the stop codon of lydA overlapping the start codon of lydB. The third, gene 17, is 558 bp in length and is located in an otherwise uncharacterized operon. A search with the predicted amino acid sequence of LydA for secondary motifs revealed a holin protein-like structure. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of gene 17 with sequences of proteins in the SwissProt database revealed homologies with the proteins of the T4 lysozyme family. The sequence of lydB is novel and exhibited no known extended homology. To study the effect of gp17, LydA, and LydB in vivo, their genes were cloned in a single operon under the control of the inducible T7 promoter, resulting in plasmid pAW1440. A second plasmid, pAW1442, is identical to pAW1440 but has lydB deleted. Induction of the T7 promoter resulted in a rapid lysis of cells harboring pAW1442. In contrast, cells harboring pAW1440 revealed only a small decrease in optical density at 600 nm compared with cells harboring vector alone. The rapid lysis phenotype in the absence of active LydB suggests that this novel protein might be an antagonist of the holin LydA.