Special needs of preterm infants in the management of pain and discomfort.

Most infants born preterm are admitted to hospital neonatal intensive care units, where they undergo repeated multiple diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that result in pain and discomfort. Although there is convincing evidence to support the preterm infant's neurologic capacity for pain, management of pain often is not optimal. Accurate and reliable assessment of the preterm infant's pain is an important prerequisite for effective pain management. Pain assessment is a challenge for health professionals because the preterm infant's responses are less vigorous, more variable, and less consistent than are the responses of term neonates and older infants. Few reliable and valid assessment measures exist for this age group. There also is uncertainty in implementing pain-relieving intervention because of inadequate information on their safety and effectiveness and preconceived attitudes and beliefs of health professionals. The special needs of preterm infants related to the assessment and management of pain are discussed.