Frank B C
Sportklinik Stuttgart-Bad Cannstadt.
Sportverletz Sportschaden. 1995 Dec;9(4):103-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-993436.
A standardised questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to 690 cross-country skiers active in popular (pastime) sports, competitive sports and high-performance sports, between 1990 and 1993, covering a total of 189 injuries and 1,281 cases of complaints caused by overstrain. Over and above this, muscular imbalance and postural characteristics (for example, signs of vestibular syndrome) were examined in 94 of these skiers. Three times as many skiers (69.3%) reported on complaints than skiers reporting on injuries (20.3%). Complaints concerned particularly the lower extremities (45.9%), whereas injuries were more frequent at the upper extremities (47.6%). Minor injuries predominated (77%) such as sprains and distortions (23.8%), contusions (25.9%), skin injuries (13.7%) and muscle injuries (13.7%) as well as mild complaints (45.1%) such as blisters at the hand and feet. High-performance sportsmen (14.4%) are significantly most frequently injured when employing the skating technique, whereas in competitive sports the "classical" technique results in a greater incidence of accidents (16.1%). Most accidents occur during downhill skiing, on rutty and icy tracks, collisions, due to inadequate technique, lack of balance and unskilled handling. Complaints are significantly reported by competitive (70.8%) and high-performance sports people (74.8%) for both techniques. Whereas complaints at the lower extremities occur more often during skating technique (56.8%) than during the classical technique (34.5%), complaints concerning the trunk are seen more often with the classical technique (29.7%) than with the skating technique (8.9%). Complaints are caused by icy, rutty tracks, inadequate equipment, deficient training, muscular imbalances and previous damage. A large number of pointers on how to avoid pitfalls when employing the skating and classical techniques can be obtained via analysis of the injuries and complaints.
1990年至1993年间，制定了一份标准化问卷，并提交给690名从事大众（消遣）运动、竞技运动和高水平运动的越野滑雪者，共涵盖189起损伤和1281起因过度劳累引起的不适病例。除此之外，还对其中94名滑雪者的肌肉失衡和姿势特征（例如前庭综合征迹象）进行了检查。报告不适的滑雪者人数（69.3%）是报告损伤的滑雪者人数（20.3%）的三倍。不适尤其涉及下肢（45.9%），而损伤在上肢更为常见（47.6%）。轻伤占主导（77%），如扭伤和拉伤（23.8%）、挫伤（25.9%）、皮肤损伤（13.7%）和肌肉损伤（13.7%），以及轻度不适（45.1%），如手脚水泡。高水平运动员（14.4%）在采用滑行技术时受伤的频率明显最高，而在竞技运动中，“传统”技术导致事故发生率更高（16.1%）。大多数事故发生在速降滑雪时，在有车辙和结冰的赛道上，由于技术不足、缺乏平衡和操作不熟练而发生碰撞。竞技（70.8%）和高水平运动员（74.8%）在两种技术中都明显报告有不适。下肢不适在滑行技术期间（56.8%）比在传统技术期间（34.5%）更常出现，而躯干不适在传统技术（29.7%）中比在滑行技术（8.9%）中更常出现。不适是由结冰、有车辙的赛道、设备不足、训练不足、肌肉失衡和先前损伤引起的。通过对损伤和不适的分析，可以获得大量关于在采用滑行和传统技术时如何避免陷阱的提示。
