Hoffmann K L, Wood A K, McCarthy P H
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Am J Vet Res. 1995 Nov;56(11):1403-12.
Sonographic and anatomic observations were made of the kidneys of 23 Thoroughbreds or Standardbreds. In an in vitro study of 16 horses, precise correlations were established between the gross anatomic features of the kidneys and their sonographic appearance in images obtained in dorsal, sagittal, transverse, and transverse oblique anatomic planes. The renal cortex had a uniformly mottled echogenicity, and the renal medulla was relatively hypoechogenic, compared with the cortex. Acoustic anisotropy was observed in the cortex and medulla of the cranial and caudal extremities of each kidney. The distinctive renal pelvis was seen in the transverse plane as an echogenic pair of diverging lines that lead to the crescent shaped renal crest in the lateral half of the kidney. In images made in the sagittal plane, the renal pelvis was seen as a pair of parallel echogenic lines separated by the moderately echogenic line of the renal crest. The terminal recesses were best seen in the transverse oblique views of each extremity, where they appeared as moderately echogenic lines in the medulla of the cranial and caudal extremities. The interlobar vessels were represented as irregular echogenic lines in the medulla, and the arcuate vessels were seen as echogenic points at the corticomedullary junction. At the hilus, the renal artery or its branches was located cranial to the renal vein, which in turn was cranial to the position of the proximal portion of the ureter. In an in vivo study of 7 horses, sonographic images of the right kidney were obtained in the sagittal, transverse, and transverse oblique anatomic planes in all horses, with the transducer positioned at the 15th, 16th, or 17th intercostal space; images in the dorsal plane were obtained, however, in only 3 of the horses. For the left kidney, sonographic images were obtained in each of the anatomic planes when the transducer was positioned at the 16th or 17th intercostal space or the paralumbar fossa; rectal location of the transducer gave images in the dorsal and sagittal planes. In this study, a routine sonographic imaging protocol, using standard anatomic planes, enabled each kidney to be examined in its entirety. The protocol provided definition of normal renal sonographic anatomic features and may permit a more informed and accurate recognition of renal pathologic change.
对23匹纯种马或标准赛马的肾脏进行了超声检查和解剖观察。在一项对16匹马的体外研究中，在背侧、矢状、横断和斜横断解剖平面所获取的图像中，确定了肾脏大体解剖特征与其超声表现之间的精确相关性。肾皮质具有均匀的斑驳回声，与皮质相比，肾髓质回声相对较低。在每个肾脏头端和尾端的皮质和髓质中观察到声学各向异性。在横断平面上，独特的肾盂表现为一对回声增强的发散线，通向肾脏外侧半部的新月形肾嵴。在矢状平面图像中，肾盂表现为一对平行的回声增强线，被肾嵴的中等回声线分隔。终末隐窝在每个肢体的斜横断视图中显示最佳，在头端和尾端髓质中表现为中等回声线。叶间血管在髓质中表现为不规则的回声线，弓形血管在皮质髓质交界处表现为回声点。在肾门处，肾动脉或其分支位于肾静脉的头侧，而肾静脉又位于输尿管近端位置的头侧。在一项对7匹马的体内研究中，所有马匹均在矢状、横断和斜横断解剖平面获取右肾的超声图像，换能器置于第15、16或17肋间间隙；然而，仅3匹马获得了背侧平面的图像。对于左肾，当换能器置于第16或17肋间间隙或腰旁窝时，在每个解剖平面获取超声图像；经直肠放置换能器可获得背侧和矢状平面的图像。在本研究中，使用标准解剖平面的常规超声成像方案能够对每个肾脏进行完整检查。该方案明确了正常肾脏超声解剖特征，可能有助于更明智、准确地识别肾脏病理变化。
