Bundy K J
Biomedical Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1994;22(3-4):139-251.
Metallic materials are used extensively as orthopedic implants, dental materials, sensing elements of bioelectrodes, and other applications. The electrochemical behavior of these biomaterials is of interest for a variety of reasons. The corrosion resistance of an implant material influences its functional performance and durability and is a primary factor governing biocompatibility. Among the aspects affecting biocompatibility are the amounts and forms of released corrosion products and their disposition in the body after release. Electrochemical principles are very useful for understanding the factors affecting corrosion resistance and also form the foundation for many biosensors that measure the concentration of various chemical entities (including released corrosion products and naturally occurring substances). Many electrochemical measurement techniques have been used to study biomaterials for years (e.g., polarization curve measurement), while others (such as polarography and AC impedance methods) have been applied more recently. This work focuses on four main topics. The first is the nature of the body's environment as it affects in vivo electrochemical phenomena, that is, the chemical, mechanical, biological, and bioelectrical phenomena that affect the behavior and performance of biomaterials. The second deals with methodology--the techniques used for corrosion measurement and concentration determination, the appropriate environment (laboratory, cell culture, in vivo, etc.), and experimental problems encountered. The third topic treated is the knowledge accumulated regarding the performance of implant alloys in various applications, for example, the forms of corrosion to which they are susceptible, etc. Finally, improvements that may come about in the future regarding both materials and testing methodology are considered.
金属材料被广泛用作骨科植入物、牙科材料、生物电极的传感元件以及其他应用。这些生物材料的电化学行为因其多种原因而受到关注。植入材料的耐腐蚀性会影响其功能性能和耐久性，并且是决定生物相容性的主要因素。影响生物相容性的方面包括释放的腐蚀产物的数量和形式以及它们在释放后在体内的分布。电化学原理对于理解影响耐腐蚀性的因素非常有用，并且也是许多测量各种化学物质（包括释放的腐蚀产物和天然存在的物质）浓度的生物传感器的基础。多年来，许多电化学测量技术已被用于研究生物材料（例如极化曲线测量），而其他技术（如极谱法和交流阻抗法）则是最近才应用的。这项工作专注于四个主要主题。第一个是人体环境的性质，因为它会影响体内电化学现象，即影响生物材料行为和性能的化学、机械、生物和生物电现象。第二个主题涉及方法学——用于腐蚀测量和浓度测定的技术、合适的环境（实验室、细胞培养、体内等）以及遇到的实验问题。第三个主题是关于植入合金在各种应用中的性能积累的知识，例如它们易受的腐蚀形式等。最后，考虑了未来在材料和测试方法方面可能出现的改进。
