Tangney J P, Wagner P E, Hill-Barlow D, Marschall D E, Gramzow R
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996 Apr;70(4):797-809. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.4.797.
This study explored the relation of shame proneness and guilt proneness to constructive versus destructive responses to anger among 302 children (Grades 4-6), adolescents (Grades 7-11), 176 college students, and 194 adults. Across all ages, shame proneness was clearly related to maladaptive response to anger, including malevolent intentions; direct, indirect, and displaced aggression; self-directed hostility; and negative long-term consequences. In contrast, guilt proneness was associated with constructive means of handling anger, including constructive intentions, corrective action and non-hostile discussion with the target of the anger, cognitive reappraisals of the target's role, and positive long-term consequences. Escapist-diffusing responses showed some interesting developmental trends. Among children, these dimensions were positively correlated with guilt and largely unrelated to shame; among older participants, the results were mixed.
本研究探讨了302名儿童（4至6年级）、青少年（7至11年级）、176名大学生和194名成年人的羞耻倾向和内疚倾向与对愤怒的建设性反应和破坏性反应之间的关系。在所有年龄段中，羞耻倾向都与对愤怒的适应不良反应明显相关，包括恶意意图、直接、间接和替代性攻击、自我导向的敌意以及负面的长期后果。相比之下，内疚倾向与处理愤怒的建设性方式相关，包括建设性意图、纠正行动以及与愤怒对象进行非敌意的讨论、对愤怒对象角色的认知重新评估以及积极的长期后果。逃避-分散反应呈现出一些有趣的发展趋势。在儿童中，这些维度与内疚呈正相关，与羞耻基本无关；在年龄较大的参与者中，结果则较为复杂。
