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本文引用的文献

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The effects of lead levels on the growth of word recognition in middle childhood.铅含量对童年中期单词识别能力发展的影响。
Int J Epidemiol. 1993 Oct;22(5):891-7. doi: 10.1093/ije/22.5.891.
2
Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991).美国人群的血铅水平。第三次全国健康与营养检查调查（NHANES III，1988年至1991年）的第一阶段。
JAMA. 1994 Jul 27;272(4):277-83. doi: 10.1001/jama.272.4.277.
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Environmental lead and children's intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence.环境铅暴露与儿童智力：流行病学证据的系统综述
BMJ. 1994 Nov 5;309(6963):1189-97. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6963.1189.
4
Lead exposure and the motor developmental status of urban six-year-old children in the Cincinnati Prospective Study.辛辛那提前瞻性研究中铅暴露与城市六岁儿童运动发育状况
Pediatrics. 1993 Feb;91(2):301-7.
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The effects of lead exposure on urban children: the Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study.铅暴露对城市儿童的影响：儿童健康研究所/南安普顿研究
Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 1983;47:1-54.
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The measurement of social class.社会阶层的衡量
Community Health Stud. 1984;8(2):218-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1984.tb00446.x.
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Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development.产前和产后铅暴露与早期认知发展的纵向分析。
N Engl J Med. 1987 Apr 23;316(17):1037-43. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198704233161701.
8
Low-level lifetime lead exposure produces behavioral toxicity (spatial discrimination reversal) in adult monkeys.成年猴子长期低水平接触铅会产生行为毒性（空间辨别逆转）。
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1987 Dec;91(3):484-90. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(87)90070-6.
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Port Pirie Cohort Study: environmental exposure to lead and children's abilities at the age of four years.皮里港队列研究：4岁儿童的铅环境暴露与能力状况
N Engl J Med. 1988 Aug 25;319(8):468-75. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198808253190803.
10
Picomolar concentrations of lead stimulate brain protein kinase C.皮摩尔浓度的铅会刺激脑蛋白激酶C。
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终身暴露于环境铅与11至13岁儿童智力：皮里港队列研究

Lifetime exposure to environmental lead and children's intelligence at 11-13 years: the Port Pirie cohort study.

作者信息

Tong S, Baghurst P, McMichael A, Sawyer M, Mudge J

机构信息

Division of Human Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, Australia.

出版信息

BMJ. 1996 Jun 22;312(7046):1569-75. doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7046.1569.

DOI:10.1136/bmj.312.7046.1569
PMID:8664666
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2351301/
Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between environmental exposure to lead and children's intelligence at age 11-13 years, and to assess the implications of exposure in the first seven years of life for later childhood development.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SUBJECTS

375 children born in or around the lead smelting town of Port Pirie, Australia, between 1979 and 1982.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Children's intelligence quotient (IQ) measured at 11-13 years of age.

RESULTS

IQ was inversely associated with both antenatal and postnatal blood lead concentrations. Verbal, performance, and full scale IQ were inversely related to blood lead concentration with no apparent threshold. Multivariate analyses indicated that after adjustment for a wide range of confounders, the postnatal blood lead concentrations (particularly within the age range 15 months to 7 years) exhibited inverse associations with IQ. Strong associations with IQ were observed for lifetime average blood lead concentrations at various ages. The expected mean full scale IQ declined by 3.0 points (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 5.93) for an increase in lifetime average blood lead concentration from 0.48 to 0.96 mumol/l (10 to 20 micrograms/dl).

CONCLUSION

Exposure to environmental lead during the first seven years of life is associated with cognitive deficits that seem to persist into later childhood.

摘要

目的

研究11至13岁儿童环境铅暴露与智力之间的关联，并评估生命最初七年的铅暴露对儿童后期发育的影响。

设计

前瞻性队列研究。

对象

1979年至1982年间出生于澳大利亚皮里港铅冶炼镇或其周边地区的375名儿童。

主要观察指标

11至13岁儿童的智商（IQ）。

结果

智商与产前及产后血铅浓度均呈负相关。言语、操作和全量表智商均与血铅浓度呈负相关，且无明显阈值。多变量分析表明，在对多种混杂因素进行校正后，产后血铅浓度（尤其是在15个月至7岁年龄段内）与智商呈负相关。在不同年龄阶段观察到终生平均血铅浓度与智商之间存在强关联。终生平均血铅浓度从0.48微摩尔/升（10微克/分升）增加至0.96微摩尔/升（20微克/分升）时，预期全量表平均智商下降3.0分（95%置信区间为0.07至5.93）。

结论

生命最初七年的环境铅暴露与认知缺陷有关，这些缺陷似乎会持续到儿童后期。