Brody D J, Pirkle J L, Kramer R A, Flegal K M, Matte T D, Gunter E W, Paschal D C
Division of Health Examination Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782.
JAMA. 1994 Jul 27;272(4):277-83. doi: 10.1001/jama.272.4.277.
To determine mean blood lead levels and their sociodemographic correlates in the US population.
Nationally representative cross-sectional health examination survey that included measurements of venous blood lead.
A total of 13,201 persons aged 1 year and older examined during phase 1 of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1991).
The overall mean blood lead level for the US population was 0.14 mumol/L (2.8 micrograms/dL). Blood lead levels were consistently higher for younger children than for older children, for older adults than for younger adults, for males than for females, for blacks than for whites, and for central-city residents than for non-central-city residents. Other correlates of higher blood lead levels included low income, low educational attainment, and residence in the Northeast region of the United States. National estimates for children 1 to 5 years of age indicate that 8.9%, or approximately 1.7 million children, have blood lead levels 0.48 mumol/L (10 micrograms/dL) or greater. These levels are high enough to be of health concern under 1991 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.
The low overall mean blood lead levels demonstrate a major public health success in primary prevention efforts. However, exposure to lead at levels that may adversely affect the health of children remains a problem especially for those who are minority, urban, and from low-income families. Strategies to identify the most vulnerable risk groups are necessary to further reduce lead exposure in the United States.
确定美国人群的平均血铅水平及其社会人口学相关因素。
具有全国代表性的横断面健康检查调查，其中包括静脉血铅测量。
在第三次全国健康和营养检查调查第一阶段（1988年至1991年）期间检查的13201名1岁及以上的人员。
美国人群的总体平均血铅水平为0.14微摩尔/升（2.8微克/分升）。年幼儿童的血铅水平始终高于年长儿童，老年人高于年轻人，男性高于女性，黑人高于白人，市中心居民高于非市中心居民。血铅水平较高的其他相关因素包括低收入、低教育程度以及居住在美国东北部地区。对1至5岁儿童的全国估计表明，8.9%，即约170万儿童的血铅水平达到或超过0.48微摩尔/升（10微克/分升）。根据1991年疾病控制和预防中心的指南，这些水平高到足以引起对健康的关注。
总体平均血铅水平较低表明在初级预防工作中取得了重大公共卫生成就。然而，接触可能对儿童健康产生不利影响水平的铅仍然是一个问题，特别是对于那些属于少数群体、居住在城市且来自低收入家庭的儿童。识别最脆弱风险群体的策略对于进一步减少美国的铅暴露是必要的。
