Gedo J E
Psyche (Stuttg). 1996 May;50(5):386-406.
Expressly leaving aside the classical Freudian theory of instinctual drives, itself largely based on obsolete biological models, and drawing on Lichtenberg's theory of motivation, Gedo outlines a five-stage motivation model encompassing both pre-programmed biological patterns and those acquired via learning and experience. With reference to brief examples from clinical practice the author describes how human behaviour can derive from various motives, thus making it essential to go beyond Freud's theory of libido. To do justice to the complexity of the phenomenon, he introduces a hierarchical schema taking account of the interaction between various motivations, the ways in which they may conflict and ultimately the ways in which they may best be reconciled.
格多明确抛开了经典的弗洛伊德本能驱力理论（该理论本身在很大程度上基于过时的生物学模型），借鉴了利希滕贝格的动机理论，勾勒出一个五阶段动机模型，该模型既包含预先设定的生物模式，也包括通过学习和经验获得的模式。作者参考临床实践中的简短实例，描述了人类行为如何源自各种动机，从而表明超越弗洛伊德的力比多理论至关重要。为了公正地对待这一现象的复杂性，他引入了一个层级架构，该架构考虑到了各种动机之间的相互作用、它们可能产生冲突的方式以及最终实现最佳调和的方式。
