Westen D
Cambridge Hospital, MA 02139, USA.
Int J Psychoanal. 1997 Jun;78 ( Pt 3):521-48.
The author outlines a theory of motivation that attempts to integrate psychoanalytic theory with current psychological thinking and research. Emotions and other sensory feeling states are evolved mechanisms for channelling behaviour in directions that foster adaptation. The avoidance of unpleasant states and pursuit of pleasant ones leads to goal-directed mental and behavioural processes, including defences and compromise formations. Affects provide a flexible motivational mechanism in humans, as they become associated with representations of perceived, feared, wished-for, or otherwise valued states through the interaction of environmental events and highly specific naturally-selected biological proclivities. This reconceptualisation of motivation points towards a resolution of a contradiction in Freud's models of affect and motivation between a theory of drive-reduction and a theory of affect regulation, and of the apparent contradiction between motivational models that emphasise either sexual desire or relational needs. The model also has implications for the theory of transference, since it suggests that neutrality is not the feature of the analytic situation that evokes meaningful transferential processes.
作者概述了一种动机理论，该理论试图将精神分析理论与当前的心理学思想及研究相结合。情感和其他感觉状态是进化而来的机制，用于引导行为朝着促进适应的方向发展。对不愉快状态的回避和对愉快状态的追求会导致目标导向的心理和行为过程，包括防御和妥协形成。情感在人类中提供了一种灵活的动机机制，因为通过环境事件与高度特定的自然选择的生物倾向之间的相互作用，情感与感知到的、恐惧的、期望的或以其他方式重视的状态的表征联系在一起。这种对动机的重新概念化指向了弗洛伊德情感与动机模型中驱力降低理论与情感调节理论之间矛盾的解决，以及强调性欲或关系需求的动机模型之间明显矛盾的解决。该模型对移情理论也有影响，因为它表明中立性并非引发有意义的移情过程的分析情境的特征。
