Moore B C
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, England.
Ear Hear. 1996 Apr;17(2):133-61. doi: 10.1097/00003446-199604000-00007.
This paper provides an overview of changes in the perception of sound that result from cochlear damage. It starts with a brief introduction to the physiology of the cochlea, emphasizing the role of the "active mechanism" and describing how cochlear function is altered by cochlear damage. Then the effects of cochlear damage on various aspects of perception are described, including absolute sensitivity, frequency selectivity, loudness perception and intensity discrimination, temporal resolution, temporal integration, pitch perception and frequency discrimination, and sound localization and other aspects of binaural and spatial hearing. The possible role of each of these aspects of auditory perception in the ability to understand speech in quiet and in noise is discussed and evaluated. It is concluded that, for losses up to about 45 dB, audibility is the single most important factor. However, for greater losses, poor discrimination of suprathreshold (audible) stimuli is also of major importance. The final section of the paper describes applications of the findings to hearing aid design. It is concluded that linear amplification can be of only limited benefit in compensating for the effects of cochlear damage. Hearing aids incorporating compression can help to compensate for the effects of reduced dynamic range. Digital signal processing to enhance spectral contrast may be of some help in compensating for the effects of reduced frequency selectivity.
本文概述了耳蜗损伤导致的听觉感知变化。首先简要介绍了耳蜗的生理学，强调了“主动机制”的作用，并描述了耳蜗损伤如何改变耳蜗功能。然后描述了耳蜗损伤对感知各个方面的影响，包括绝对灵敏度、频率选择性、响度感知和强度辨别、时间分辨率、时间整合、音高感知和频率辨别，以及声音定位和双耳及空间听觉的其他方面。讨论并评估了听觉感知的这些方面在安静和嘈杂环境中理解语音能力中的可能作用。得出的结论是，对于高达约45分贝的听力损失，可听度是最重要的单一因素。然而，对于更大的听力损失，超阈值（可听）刺激的辨别能力差也很重要。本文的最后一部分描述了这些研究结果在助听器设计中的应用。得出的结论是，线性放大在补偿耳蜗损伤的影响方面可能只有有限的益处。采用压缩技术的助听器有助于补偿动态范围减小的影响。增强频谱对比度的数字信号处理在补偿频率选择性降低的影响方面可能会有一些帮助。
