Drew N, Dahlberg K
J Holist Nurs. 1995 Dec;13(4):332-45. doi: 10.1177/089801019501300405.
Historically, nursing practice has been grounded in the objective, analytic philosophy of the natural sciences. Over the past decades, caring--a humanistic concept--has been espoused as the essence of nursing. Paradoxically, practice based on the theme of caring remains aligned with the philosophy of the natural sciences and continues to use tools such as nursing process and nursing diagnosis, products of the natural sciences paradigm. The authors have outlined the foundation for a philosophy of caring. The encounter between caregiver and patient is the central aspect of this philosophy and is elaborated with the related concepts of openness, nonreductionism, immediacy, and meaning. In addition, holistic nursing practice requires attention by caregivers to their own self-awareness and the personal growth that is necessary for the demands of encountering patients. Practice based on such a philosophy maintains the primacy of the caregiver-patient relationship and permits the incorporation of analytic tools without depersonalizing effects.
从历史上看，护理实践一直基于自然科学的客观分析哲学。在过去几十年里，关怀——一个人文主义概念——已被奉为护理的本质。矛盾的是，基于关怀主题的实践仍然与自然科学哲学保持一致，并继续使用诸如护理程序和护理诊断等工具，这些都是自然科学范式的产物。作者们概述了关怀哲学的基础。护理者与患者之间的相遇是这一哲学的核心方面，并通过开放性、非还原论、即时性和意义等相关概念进行阐述。此外，整体护理实践要求护理者关注自身的自我意识以及面对患者的需求所必需的个人成长。基于这种哲学的实践保持了护理者与患者关系的首要地位，并允许纳入分析工具而不会产生非人性化的影响。
