van Hooft S
Deakin University at Toorak, Victoria, Australia.
J Med Ethics. 1996 Apr;22(2):83-9. doi: 10.1136/jme.22.2.83.
The author agrees with the critiques of moral theory offered by such writers as Bernard Williams and Alasdair MacIntyre, and uses ideas from Heidegger and Levinas to argue that caring is an ontological structure of human existence which takes two forms: caring about on self (which he calls our "self-project") and caring-about-others. This dual form of caring is expressed on four Aristotelian levels of human living which the author describes and illustrates with reference to the phenomenon of pain. It is concluded from this analysis that traditional notions of morality as imposing obligations should give way to an understanding of ethics as the social forms given to our caring for ourselves and for others. A number of implications for ethical theory are sketched out with the conclusion that virtue theory should be preferred and that the model could be worked out more fully to show that virtue theory can be internalist, particularist, pluralist, personalist and objectivist.
作者认同伯纳德·威廉姆斯和阿拉斯戴尔·麦金太尔等作家对道德理论的批评，并运用海德格尔和列维纳斯的观点来论证，关怀是人类存在的一种本体论结构，它有两种形式：对自我的关怀（他称之为我们的“自我规划”）和对他人的关怀。这种双重关怀形式体现在作者所描述并参照疼痛现象加以阐释的人类生活的四个亚里士多德层面上。从这一分析中可以得出结论，传统的将道德视为强加义务的观念应该让位于将伦理理解为给予我们对自己和他人关怀的社会形式。文中勾勒了对伦理理论的若干影响，并得出结论，应优先选择美德理论，且该模式可以更充分地构建出来，以表明美德理论可以是内在主义的、特殊主义的、多元主义的、个人主义的和客观主义的。
