Le Minor J M
Institute of Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France.
Acta Anat (Basel). 1995;154(3):236-41. doi: 10.1159/000147774.
The number of phalanges of the human toes was investigated in a series of 2,550 radiographs. Classical triphalangia of the lateral toes (2-5) was observed in 1,440 cases (56.47%). Biphalangeal disposition was observed for the 5th toe in 1,110 cases (41.02%), for the 4th toe in 64 cases (2.51%), for the 3rd toe in 5 cases (0.20%), and for the 2nd toe in 3 cases (0.12%). The frequency of biphalangia of a given toe was not independent of the others. Biphalangeal toes result primarily from the absence of development of the distal interphalangeal joint. Biphalangia of the toes is a derived character which is restricted, within primates, to the human species, in relation to the reduction of the toes in adaptation to bipedalism.
在一系列2550张X光片中对人类脚趾的趾骨数量进行了研究。在1440例（56.47%）中观察到外侧脚趾（2-5趾）出现典型的三节趾骨。在1110例（41.02%）中观察到第5趾为双节趾骨，在64例（2.51%）中观察到第4趾为双节趾骨，在5例（0.20%）中观察到第3趾为双节趾骨，在3例（0.12%）中观察到第2趾为双节趾骨。特定脚趾双节趾骨的频率并非独立于其他脚趾。双节趾骨主要是由于远侧指间关节发育缺失所致。脚趾双节趾骨是一种衍生特征，在灵长类动物中，与适应双足行走时脚趾的退化有关，仅见于人类。
