Proton exchange rates from amino acid side chains--implications for image contrast.

The proton exchange rates between water and the hydroxyl protons of threonine, serine, tyrosine, the amino protons of lysine, and the guanidinium protons of arginine were measured in the pH range 0.5 to 8.5 and for the temperatures 4 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 36 degrees C. The intrinsic exchange rates of the hydroxyl and amino protons at pH 7.0 degrees C and 36 degrees C were found to be in the range 700 to about 10,000 s-1. In addition, the exchange catalysis by phosphate, carbonate, carboxyl-, and amino-groups was investigated. The presence of these exchange catalysts at physiological concentrations increased the proton exchange rates from hydroxyl and amino groups several fold. The proton exchange rates are sufficiently fast that the total magnetization transfer between biomolecules and free bulk water is not rate limited by the proton exchange rate, but by the intramolecular cross-relaxation rates between the exchangeable and nonexchangeable protons of the biomolecules. Since the cross-relaxation rates between surface hydration water molecules and biomolecules are usually vanishingly small because of too rapid exchange with the free bulk water, it is proposed that the contrast in MR images is a fingerprint of the number of the exchangeable protons from OH and NH groups of the tissue, as far as the contrast depends on the magnetization transfer between biomolecules and water.