Chessick R D
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Am J Psychother. 1996 Spring;50(2):208-16. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1996.50.2.208.
Those aspects of Heidegger's thought culminating in his notion of "authenticity" are described, and the use of his concepts in the psychotherapy of certain adolescents is suggested. This paper offers some details of Heidegger's position and its applicability to psychotherapy. Heidegger attempted to get around the scientistic attitude of our time by use of a phenomenological description of how we actually live our lives. He described what he called our inauthentic immersion in the "they" or the everyday of life, which he argued generates self-forgetfulness, self-centeredness, an anxious sense of life having no meaning or value, and the convinction that nothing really matters. In that situation only peak experiences or "thrills" such as sexual ecstasy, dangerous exploits, fights, or drugs are used to "make it all worthwhile." These are typical complaints and descriptions from adolescent (as well as borderline) patients, of course, and represent self pathology or a possibly temporary state of identity diffusion. Heidegger's solution, one which can be used with certain intellectually inclined adolescents who are not judged suitable for uncovering psychotherapy at the time, is a kind of self-focussing. In this procedure one stands back and reviews options and possibilities in the attempt to shape one's life in accordance with ideals and values that are determined by actual focus on them rather than by a mindless immersion in everyday practices. I suggest that this kind of intellectual exchange with certain adolescents, especially if it is accompanied by a proper idealizing relationship, has as its value the development of an increased sense of cohesiveness of the self, and a sense of meaningful and authentic living in which life begins to attain a unified flow characterized by cumulativeness and direction that can be articulated in a temporal narrative. The encouragement of such a narrative is a worthwhile tactic to consider in the psychotherapy of certain adolescents.
文中描述了海德格尔思想中最终形成其“本真性”概念的那些方面，并提出了在某些青少年心理治疗中运用其概念的建议。本文提供了海德格尔立场的一些细节及其在心理治疗中的适用性。海德格尔试图通过对我们实际生活方式的现象学描述来规避我们这个时代的科学主义态度。他描述了他所谓的我们非本真地沉浸于“常人”或日常生活之中，他认为这会导致自我遗忘、以自我为中心、一种生活没有意义或价值的焦虑感，以及认为没有什么真正重要的信念。在那种情况下，只有诸如性狂喜、危险行为、争斗或吸毒等巅峰体验或“刺激”被用来“让一切变得有价值”。当然，这些是青少年（以及边缘型）患者的典型抱怨和描述，代表了自我病理学或身份认同扩散的一种可能的暂时状态。海德格尔的解决办法，一种可用于某些当时被判定不适合进行揭示性心理治疗的有智力倾向的青少年的办法，是一种自我聚焦。在这个过程中，一个人退后一步，审视各种选择和可能性，试图根据由实际专注于它们而非盲目沉浸于日常实践所决定的理想和价值观来塑造自己的生活。我认为，与某些青少年进行这种智力交流，尤其是如果伴有适当的理想化关系，其价值在于培养更强的自我凝聚力感，以及一种有意义和本真的生活感，在这种生活中，生活开始呈现出一种以累积性和方向性为特征的统一流动，这种流动可以在一个时间叙事中得到阐述。鼓励这样一种叙事是在某些青少年心理治疗中值得考虑的策略。
