Construction of a personal development competitive attitude scale.

Theory development and research in the area of psychologically healthy competition has been impeded by the lack of a psychometrically sound instrument. Four studies were conducted as part of a research program designed to remedy this deficiency by constructing an individual difference measure of general personal development competitive attitude with satisfactory psychometric properties. In Studies 1 and 2, a 15-item scale was derived primarily through item-total correlational analysis; it demonstrated satisfactory internal and test-retest reliabilities. Studies 3 and 4 were concerned with establishing the construct validity of the scale. Both Studies 3 and 4 showed the scale's discriminant validity through its lack of association with hypercompetitiveness. In addition, its construct validity was seen in its negative association with neurosis and its positive links with personal and social self-esteem and optimal psychological health. Also, as expected, personal development competitiveness was positively correlated with needs for affiliation, whereas hypercompetitiveness was unrelated to affiliation needs. Although hypercompetitive individuals were more aggressive, dominant, and exhibitionistic, this was not the case for personal development competitors.