Ryckman R M, Hammer M, Kaczor L M, Gold J A
Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orona 04469-5742, USA.
J Pers Assess. 1996 Apr;66(2):374-85. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6602_15.
Theory development and research in the area of psychologically healthy competition has been impeded by the lack of a psychometrically sound instrument. Four studies were conducted as part of a research program designed to remedy this deficiency by constructing an individual difference measure of general personal development competitive attitude with satisfactory psychometric properties. In Studies 1 and 2, a 15-item scale was derived primarily through item-total correlational analysis; it demonstrated satisfactory internal and test-retest reliabilities. Studies 3 and 4 were concerned with establishing the construct validity of the scale. Both Studies 3 and 4 showed the scale's discriminant validity through its lack of association with hypercompetitiveness. In addition, its construct validity was seen in its negative association with neurosis and its positive links with personal and social self-esteem and optimal psychological health. Also, as expected, personal development competitiveness was positively correlated with needs for affiliation, whereas hypercompetitiveness was unrelated to affiliation needs. Although hypercompetitive individuals were more aggressive, dominant, and exhibitionistic, this was not the case for personal development competitors.
心理健康竞争领域的理论发展和研究因缺乏一种心理测量学上可靠的工具而受到阻碍。作为一项研究计划的一部分，开展了四项研究，该计划旨在通过构建一种具有令人满意的心理测量特性的一般个人发展竞争态度的个体差异测量方法来弥补这一缺陷。在研究1和研究2中，一个由15个项目组成的量表主要通过项目与总分的相关分析得出；它显示出令人满意的内部信度和重测信度。研究3和研究4关注的是确定该量表的结构效度。研究3和研究4都通过该量表与过度竞争缺乏关联显示出其区分效度。此外，其结构效度体现在它与神经症呈负相关，与个人自尊和社会自尊以及最佳心理健康呈正相关。同样，正如预期的那样，个人发展竞争力与归属需求呈正相关，而过度竞争与归属需求无关。虽然过度竞争的个体更具攻击性、支配性和爱表现，但个人发展型竞争者并非如此。
